Humanities Ethics Research paper on Embryonic stem cell research

Humanities Ethics on Embryonic undeveloped cell - Research Paper Example Examination on the ES cells has then carried to the front certain contemplations with respect to human morals. For the examination to occur, the human undeveloped organism must be collected so as to explore the wonder of interests. A parity can't anyway be built up between prevailing with regards to helping another life utilizing the incipient organism as it keeps on existing. What are the moral quandaries associated with the undeveloped foundational microorganism explores? In spite of the hot discussion that encompasses the examination utilization of undeveloped foundational microorganisms, they offer better open door for tackling certain treatments. Because of the contention, a large portion of the nations have embraced their own various principles that direct the use of the Human Embryonic cells in research. Assessment is isolated on what the estimation of human life is and the life of the undeveloped organism. It at that point oozes a moral issue that muddles the utilization of t he ES cells in taking care of a large portion of the clinical issues (James, 45). The ethical quandary builds up a circumstance in which a decision must be produced using the two existing touchy alternatives. One, there is the obligation forestall or diminish patients from incessant agonies and two, the obligation to regard the intrinsic estimation of human life. ... It has been anyway been hard to affirm one choice opposite the other. The contentions at that point goes that it isn't moral to pulverize undeveloped organism given the way that they have full good status starting from treatment and as they advances through development. Others see that an undeveloped organism ought to be considered as an individual notwithstanding the way that it is as yet an incipient organism (James, 45). They embrace the maintenance of life of the incipient organism by expressing that there is a constant procedure associated with the life of an undeveloped organism starting from treatment. They note that simply like a newborn child is viewed as a person at that point is the undeveloped organism. The contention goes further that individuals would will in general excuse the importance of an undeveloped organism as an individual since they don't have the qualities of a person (Holland, 43). This ought not be the edge of supports in light of the fact that through the procedure of development, the undeveloped organism will build up the said qualities. They agree that it is self-assertive to decide the period or stage when personhood starts, henceforth an incipient organism ought not be excused as not being an individual (Holland, 43). Be that as it may, another dangerous counter contention has kept on settling on choices on the ES cells application troublesome. It clarifies that an incipient organism does not have the support levels of being portrayed as an individual (Holland, 43). This is on the grounds that not at all like people they don't have enthusiastic, mental and physical properties showed by people or people. As such there is no enthusiasm at all that is exhibited by the undeveloped organism to respect security and ought to be utilized to help people who are in more profound torments with their lives holding tight the equalization (James, 45). Another contention demonstrates a â€Å"cut-off† point at 14

Non profit Organization in Anne Arundel County Research Paper

Non benefit Organization in Anne Arundel County - Research Paper Example In spite of the fact that the current populace decent variety of Anne Arundel County (29.8%) is underneath state normal (39.2%) however it has picked up force (18.6%) since 2000. The middle age for family unit (36.0%) is at standard with the national normal (36.4%). (2000, Census). According to 2005 American Community Survey information, the County was having 87003 wedded couples with kids and 24525 single-parent families (5795 men, 18730 ladies). Adolescent suicides have expanded 8 percent over the earlier year. The quantity of single guardians has expanded to 12.9 million. Baby blues scenes are assessed to influence 15 percent to 20 percent of moms. These are dumbfounding measurements having antagonistic ramifications. According to 2000 evaluation, out of 2,69,772 jobs, 7.8 percent were in assembling, 6.4 percent in transportation/correspondence, 22.2 percent entire deal/retail exchange, 4.5 percent in fund/salary/land, 24.6 percent in administrations, 27.8 percent in Govt. also, rest 6.7 percent in different parts. In any case, out of 71.1 percent of absolute work power above age 16 years 68.1 percent are in common and just 3.0 percent are in armed force. Out of the complete non military personnel work power of 2,58,331, just 66.0 percent are utilized and rest 2.1 percent jobless. The middle house hold pay of 61,768 recorded an addition of 36.8 percent more than 1990 registration which was 47.09 percent higher than the country normal. The per capita pay was 24,335 with 5.1 percent of the house hold Underneath Poverty Line. Food stamps are accessible to families with pay up to 130 percent of the Federal Poverty Level (FPL), about $19,500 for a group of three. House hold status: Out of absolute 1,86,937 lodging units, 23.4 percent are involved by tenants with middle lease of $700 which was a lot higher than state ($571) and national ($469) normal. The middle price tag for home has additionally been fixed at $212,816. An expansion of 19.8 percent of complete family units of 1,78,670 more than 1990 was set apart during last decennial. The middle year householder moved in (1998) surpassed the middle year structure assembled (1973). The lease shared of 24 percent of family unit income was lopsided to the profit. Salary expected to fit the bill for acquisition of house (MPDU) has been fixed to $35,000 or over a year and $20,000 or over a year to lease. This is on the grounds that house costs typically require in any event this measure of salary to make the installment necessities. The base salary required for leasing a house with 2 bed rooms changes between $ 51,000-$58,000. According to SFY 2003, 429 people and 751 destitute families with youngsters were recognized. There is very nearly an even spilt between vagrants and ladies, which would speak to 52 and 48 percent of the destitute populace, individually and larger part are beneath 30.Besides this, 5835 individuals were in state penitentiaries, 4964 in military garisson huts, 688 un bunch homes, 285 in school residences, 234 in mental recovery place, 22 in strict gathering quarters, 5 in agribusiness laborers' dorms, etc. Handicaps: The check required moderate lodging and steady administrations to the formatively crippled. An expected 67,713 inhabitants in the region are

Using a Physics Word Problem Solver

Using a Physics Word Problem SolverA physics word problem solver can help you study for your course by matching the right level of difficulty for your level of knowledge and studying. A word problem solver is a program that you can use in a classroom to help students work on their homework. This is especially useful when you are already grading your own assignments. It is also very useful to help you check that you have all the materials needed for solving a certain term.What a word problem solver does is take a puzzle and make it easier to solve. This usually means changing one or more of the terms that are mentioned in the puzzle. The challenge of the puzzle is still there, but the challenge is reduced, usually by simplifying the terms involved. You can use this to your advantage to help you study.In order to be able to use a word problem solver, you will need to download a free trial version. Usually this is the same type of software that is used for your e-mails. This can also be found online, so make sure that you visit the website of the company that offers the software and download the trial version.After you have downloaded the software, you will need to install it and then allow it to run on your computer, which will create a series of files that contain various puzzles for you to solve. A word problem solver will offer a series of problems and you will need to solve them one at a time. For each puzzle, you will need to have the appropriate answer before you can move on to the next puzzle.Using a word problem solver like this can help you get ahead on your homework faster, but it is not the only way to study for your course. There are other options available that will make it easier for you to study for your course. If you feel that you would like to use a word problem solver, but don't want to pay the price of having to purchase it, you can find free trial versions online.It is also possible that you will find that you don't need a word problem solver in order to study for your course. You may have a tutor to help you with your studies. This can be beneficial, since you are getting some extra help.There are also courses online that will teach you how to use a word problem solver. These courses will help you understand how it works and how you can use it effectively. They will also teach you how to read the many puzzles that you need to solve and how to solve them.As you can see, there are many different aspects to using a word problem solver. They all have advantages and disadvantages and the choice will come down to what you need to use to study and where you need to study from. The best way to find out is to test it out and see how it helps you study.

An Examination Of The Lehman Brothers Bankruptcy Report Finance Essay - Free Essay Example

Introduction The collapse of Lehman Brothers in 2008 sent ripples across the financial world. From the small shop in Montgomery Alabama started by Henry Lehman in 1844, that became the Lehman Corporation in 1920, its stocks began trading on the floor of the New York stock exchange in 1994 and posted record revenues in 2007 at which time Richard Fuld was CEO (reuters). On 15th of September 2008, Lehman Brothers the 4th largest investment bank in the United States of America filed for bankruptcy protection (BBC). This precipitated the loss of thousands of jobs on both sides of the Atlantic. According to Mollenkamp, Whitehouse, Hilsenrath and Dugan (2009) some critics look back at the systemic crisis that ensued since the Lehman collapse and conclude that it could have been avoided if the government had stepped in, having already committed billions of taxpayers dollars to keep troubled institutions such as Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac in business. However, they are also quick to lay the bulk of the blame squarely at the feet of investment banking giant: To be sure, Lehmans downfall was largely of its own making. The firm bet heavily on investments in overheated real-estate markets, used large amounts of borrowed money to supercharge its returns, then was slower than others to recognize its losses and raise capital when its bets went wrong. The depth of the firms woes made finding a willing buyer a difficult task, leaving officials with few viable options. (Mollenkamp et al 2009) Managers m ust take decisions, that is why they are hired, to make difficult calls over and over again because they have the skills and the audacity required. In the world of high finance it is not uncommon to take bold far reaching decisions. Careers in finance are built on the decisions made at crossroads. Five months later on 19th January 2009 Anton Valukas, chairman of law Chicago Law firm Jenner Block and a former federal prosecutor was named to lead an independent investigation of the events leading to the Lehman Brothers bankruptcy (Scinta 2009). The report, released in March 2010, would cast long shadows over the management actions, individual and institutional involvement and meandering paths that leading to the downfall of the firm. This paper will draw from the bankruptcy report and other important publications to determine how the investment bank failed. In the course of performing its examination, the paper will identify the notable milestones and analyse the events that le d to them. The underpinnings The failure of Lehman Brothers cannot be examined in isolation, the context is the global financial crises, the fertile ground in which the seeds for Lehmans demise were sown (Zingales 2009). A number of causes have been advanced for the financial crises such as issues with monetary policy ( Ely 2009, Schwartz 2008) lack of transparency (Zingales 2009) a complacent market obsessed with high returns (Zingales 2009) Flawed financial innovations (Schwartz 2008) over promotion of home ownership (Ely 2009). The Lehman collapse however also triggered a shocking meltdown of global finance such was its impact (Hillman 2009) By approximation, the lowest point for the Lehman brothers debacle was the announcement by the one and a half century old bank that it would file for bankruptcy protection following its inability to secure government assistance (Shields, Ackerman, Devitt Sigo 2008). How had it come to this? The starting point could very well have been the firms decision to take on a more risky growth strategy. The Lehman Bankruptcy Report notes the sudden growth in the firms balance sheet as show in the table 1. All figures in ($billions) Q4 06 Q1 07 Q2 07 Q3 07 Q4 07 Q507 Q6 07 Reported Net Assets 268.936 300.767 337.667 357.102 372.959 396.673 327.774TABLE 1 SOURCE: REPORT OF ANTON VALUKAS EXAMINER VOL I P. 57 The bankruptcy report describes the phenomenal growth in the firms balance sheet as follows: Lehmans net assets increased by almost 128 billion or 48% in a little over a year from the 4th quarter of 2006 through the first quarter of 2008 (Valukas 2010 p 57 ) The firm had taken on a monumental amount of risk setting itself up for either breakaway success or mega failure .Some questions arise here, such as why did they adopt the riskier investment strategy? Did Lehman executives fully understand the risks accompanying such a strategy? In addition, from corporate governance perspective was everyone at home with the idea. The examiner bankruptcy report shed some light regarding the risk appetite of similar institutions to Lehman Brothers : Lehmans business model was not unique; all of the major investment banks that exi sted at the time followed some variation of a high-risk, high-leverage model that require the confidence of counterparties to sustain (Valukas 2010 p. 3). In the sophisticated world of investment banking, the faint of heart rarely find a place to roost. Perception is everything in fact it is reality, once perception shifts reality changes, moreover such financial institutions are known to attract that best people and the most daring from the best business schools. The examiners report lends ample support in, mentioning the fact that the investment banking business model puts people under a lot of pressure to take the kinds of risks that led to Lehmans fall, while government agencies on their part are cited are as having fallen short of their full oversight responsibilities (Valukas 2010) This milestone is the culmination of a series of events or more precisely, the investment decisions taken by Lehman managers to pursue a countercyclical business strategy. The promise of subst antial opportunities in the subprime housing market led to the relaxing Risk controls most notably the single transaction limit, moreover opposition was crowded out and despite obvious warning signs and candid advice from some managers about the leveraged loans and commercial real estate businesses, the firms power brokers were figuratively hands over ears. The Lehman brothers journey into the abyss can be chronicled thus; the firm makes a strategic decision to pursue aggressive growth by taking on very high risk in addition it would also increase its leverage greatly (Valukas 2010). Shortly afterwards the subÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ prime residential mortgage crises became full blown, decimating the real estate business, at which point the firm failed to demonstrate the agility critical to its survival. Its lethargy was exemplified in its sit still attitude with the hope that things would eventually turn around and their hefty wager would pay off. The bank actively wal ked the fine line by transcending the boundaries of its own risk control mechanisms thus defeating their purpose. The growth strategy turned out to be a disastrous malignancy causing the firm to lose direction. The collapse of Bear Sterns appeared to many to be a prelude and the collapse of Lehman brothers would most certainly follow. Its managers would thereafter be preoccupied with how to keep the bank from going under. Selling the Investment Strategy to Internal Customers One of the keys to the gravitation toward this strategy was to the ability of Lehman executives to sell it to its internal audience at the highest level; a case of expert internal salesmanship. The foray into commercial real estate investments, leveraged loans and private equity, the triple foci of the new strategy, was partly the result of meticulously selling the strategy to high-level executives (Valukas 2010 p61). Apparently, most if not all of the top executives at Lehman including CEO Richard Fuld fully understood this strategy; Fuld demonstrated sufficient comprehension or at least had enough information to also give his own presentation (Valukas 2010 p 62). From the corporate governance view, the board apparently gave their blessing to the malignant growth strategy (Valukas 2010, P 76). Furthermore, some directors did not appear overly concerned about omissions from the banks stress tests, these omissions being the very same investments in the new aggressive growth strat egy. (Valukas 2010, p. 77). Inadequate liquidity can cause very serious problems for investment banks involved in huge transactions such as Lehman. The bankruptcy report the liquidity position of the firm is described as precarious, occasioned by the its astronomical leverage when weighed against its aggressive growth strategy there was inadequate liquidity; moreover the assets in its balance sheet had become noxious, its capital had been depleted and the firm had become more vulnerable. This according Valukas (2010) further highlights the riskiness of Lehmans growth strategy (p. 62- 63). The noxious assets posed an even bigger problem; it trapped the firm from almost every angle. Considering the issue of raising cash especially in a difficult period; firstly the illiquid assets were poised take beating on sale and secondly they were unsuitable as collateral for borrowing neither was it possible to hedges to protect such mammoth investment (Valukas 2010) Surge in Risk Appetite The managers of Lehman failed to monitor its risks in their traditional way, as they explored uncharted investment waters they became more exposed. However the managers were willing to back the new strategy to the fullest extent even if it meant slackening their risk controls. In doing this they fuelled the investment strategy. The report sheds more light to these actions: Historically, its stress testing had not been designed to encompass the risks posed to the firm by principal investments in real estate and private equity, because those positions previously made up a small portion of Lehmans portfolio. Lehman did not revise its stress testing to address its evolving business strategy. Because of SEC requirement to conduct regular stress testing on its portfolio to quantify the catastrophic loss it could suffer over a defined period of time. Lehman ran a series of stress tests based on 13 or14 different scenarios. Some of the scenarios were historical events (Valukas 2010, p. 66) To compound matters, Lehmans Managers needed its publics to feel confident about the quality of its stress testing, to that effect the report points out that the firm may have actively deceived the public, it remarks: Lehmans Managers represented to its external constituents that regular and comprehensive stress tests were performed to evaluate the potential PL impact on the firms portfolio of abnormal yet plausible market conditions (Valukas 2010) The paper earlier pointed out Lehmans eventual disregard for its own risk management and control infrastructure, these limits or risk measures had kept Lehman centred in its approach to risk . This sophisticated mechanism had to be very intricate and well tuned as result of which so called risk appetite usage could be computed for product/ business lines, divisions and for the whole firm, in addition such values could be obtained on a daily basis (Valukas 2010) This paper had earlier pointed out the absence in Lehmans str ess tests of aggressive growth investment in commercial real estate and private equity. In its original form of the stress test only stocks, bonds and other free trading securities were tested. The report explains why the investments in the aggressive growth strategy were excluded: Because these assets did not trade freely, they were not considered susceptible to stress testing over a short-term scenario. And since Lehman did not then have significant investments in these areas, excluding them from the stress testing did not undermine the usefulness of the results (Valukas 2010, p. 67) Problems in the subprime market Lehman Brothers decided to shut down its subprime mortgage unit BNC mortgage in August 2007 exiting a hitherto unprofitable business, it would however continue to focus on Alt- A which were closer to prime mortgages through its Aurora loan services platform standards ( White Kim 2007). The anticipated turn was yet to arrive and in January 2008, its Auroras programme was suspended (Valukas 2010, p.137) According to the Lehman bankruptcy report, the examiner came to the conclusion that under Delaware law, Lehman managers were entitled to pursue their malignant growth strategy as this was in conformity with the business judgement rule. Despite disregarding their risk limits, the examiner concluded that they did not act recklessly. Though these business decisions led to failure did not constitute an outright breach of the duty of care (Valukas 2010, p.178). These investment decisions ultimately failed but they were just that, business decisions, taken in a traditionally risky ind ustry. In taking these actions, the managers wagered and expected to win. Were they unwise? Were they greedy? Did they go into investment overdrive? Or did they make the best decisions they felt possible given the information and time available, neither of which can ever be totally appropriated by anyone. Could timing have played an important role in the outcome of the decisions? The managers made this decisions again with the conviction that they got the timing right. Plainly, they made bad decisions which led to down fall of the firm. Reengineering the Balance sheet Banks want to show a good net leverage position that is favourable when compared to industry peers. Large Financial institutions use similar instruments to raise funds for short-term financing. Like its competitors Lehmans rating was of utmost importance to its managers this was also necessary to keep stakeholders confidence high be they investors or other parties. The examiners report notes that at this point Lehman was at panic stations, nothing would work, and it would then have to announce a $2.8 Billion loss in the 2nd quarter of 2008. The result of high stakes investments gone badly (Valukas 2010). Bad news gets around very quickly and Lehman proceeded to sell the idea it had achieved a significant reduction in its net leverage ratio to less than 12.5. It also claimed to be highly liquid about which it boasted a highly formidable position, while also claiming a reduction in net assets on its balance sheet by $60 billion (Valukas 2010 ). The firm did however mention the ext reme difficulties it faced in that quarter even as they persuaded the market of its liquidity (daily telegraph 10 june 2008) Lehmans use of the Repo 105 device Leman deployed a massive growth strategy which brought the firms risk exposure levels to unprecedented proportions. The housing market went down, leaving Lehman with billions in noxious assets sitting on its balance sheet. It needed to deleverage very quickly. The examiners bankruptcy report offers details as to how the firm hid its true debt levels through the Repo 105 device, repo is known to mean repurchasing. Lehman Brothers were able to temporality take $50b from its balance sheets at key quarterly reporting dates to improve its finanacial leverage ratio. in doing this, lehman misled investors (what repo 105 really mean) . according to .. lehman exploited wealnessses in US Statement Of Financail Standards (SFAS 140) accounting for transfers and servicing of finanacial assets and extinguishing of liabilitiesallowing it to book repo 105 and 108 transactions as sal;es rather than finanacing transactions according consequently Lehmans rep 105 transactions remobed securities inv entory from oitss balance sheet fro the duration of the repo (a week to ten days) lehman receives cash at the mon ment of the transaction . by using borrowed fund from 105 transactions to reduce shoert tern laibilites lehman reduced oits total assets and by that reduced its leverage ratios. Valukas (2010) finds that the motivae behind conduction big ticket repo 105 transactions very close quarter end in late 2007 and 2008 was to momentarily re move inventories form its balance sheet in order to rep[port lower leverage figures (publiocly dieclosed leverage). According to Valukas (2010 p 762-763) despite konowig that peers were not using devices similar to repo 150 lehman mangers actually oversaw a n escalation in the use of repo 150. The report also notes that bthey were caught betwen a weakedned position unable to risk alerting the narket by raising equirt funds and a potential huge losses should they sell invemntory . (Valukas 2010 763) The examiner determined that the Repo p rogramme had another crucial dimension, one that necessitated lawyers in the UK to affirm the transactions as sales as this was not possible in the US. In doing this it is the conclusion of the xeaminser that civil suits could be brought against lejhman . as theri sole purpose was balance sheet manaipulation The way Repo 105 transactions were applied suggest that Lehman were playing fast and loose with theiur balance sheet Assets (millions) Liabilities Cash 7,500 Short term borrowings 200000 Financial Instruments 350,000 Collateralized financings 325,000 Collateralized agreements 350,000 Long Term Borrowings 150,000 Receivables 20,000 Payables 98,000 Other 72,500 Stockholders Equity 27,000 Total 800,000 800,000 Gross Leverage 30 Net Leverage 17 Assets (millions) Liabilities Cash 57,500 Short term borrowings 200000 Financial Instruments 350,000 Collateralized financings 375,000 Collateralized agreements 350,000 Long Term Borrowings 150,000 Receivables 20,000 Payables 98,000 Other 72,500 Stockholders Equity 27,000 Total 800,000 800,000 Gross Leverage 31 Net Leverage 19 Assets (millions) Liabilities Cash 57,500 Short term borrowings 200000 Financial Instruments 350,000 Collateralized financings 375,000 Collateralized agreements 350,000 Long Term Borrowings 150,000 Receivables 20,000 Payables 98,000 Other 72,500 Stockholders Equity 27,000 Total 800,000 800,000 Gross Leverage 31 Net Leverage 19 Assets (millions) Liabilities Cash 57,500 Short term borrowings 200000 Financial Instruments 350,000 Collateralized financings 375,000 Collateralized agreements 350,000 Long Term Borrowings 150,000 Receivables 20,000 Payables 98,000 Other 72,500 Stockholders Equity 27,000 Total 800,000 800,000 Gross Leverage 31 Net Leverage 19 Last ditch Attempts to save Lehman Lehaman annomved its filing for bankruptcy protection on the morning of 15th seotember 2008 . how far did the officers go to save the firm and its managers should not allow their company to sink the ought to do every thing in theri power to save it In the light of the above Lehman managers needed to mount the strongest defensive strategies they could to save their dearly beloved investment bank. Helping the institution to survive is a sacred duty. According to Philips (2008 )New york city mayor Michael Bloomberg lamented the cloure of an instoitution that that provided a piece of the American deram. In 20/20 hindsight opinions have varied as to whether Lehman could have indeed been rescued. Macdonald (2009) is quite certain that had cooler heads and some self control prevaiuled the firm might have been rescued but a combination of a CEO who didnt liasten departure of key brilliant lehman readers and sheer obstinacy cost the firm its last chane to be saved. Despite the intensity of the meetings held that fateful weekend with intention of finding a solution and avoiding the fall it became abundantly clear as the hours slipped by that a deal was not goiung top be reached .Akll attemptes to rescue the bank had failed . Lehman sid in court documents that itsn bankruptcy was brought about by problem sin the global financial markets and worldwide economic conditions (Rozens Terzo 2008). (Rozens Terzo( 2008) also point out that judgikng formits its over 100000 creditors $639Bn in assets and $613bn innliabilitires its bankruptcy has enomours implications. Conclusions How did an investment bank the size of Lehman brother fail?. it had made several reaching business deciusions thsere is every indication that not every body was on board with thses decisions though through the use of clever presentations and acute selling skills the strategy was sold to the board and otherhigh ranking executives. A radical plunge inro a new statregy menat demphsizing traditionalbusiness line which had kept lehman profitable for fpoutreem stratght yeras.

ESL Quiz Introductions and Greetings in English

Tok Can We Ever Know Anything Purely Through Emotion How...

In my opinion I do not think that we can know anything purely through emotion because emotions are â€Å"reactions or responses related to sense perceptions, internal states, thoughts or beliefs about things or people, real or imagined.† (Emotion as a WOK, Mondelli) Also emotions without the other three areas of knowledge emotions would have no way of expression because to be able to recognize what you feel you have to have logic and reason. To be able to feel your emotions you have to have your sense perception. To be able to say what you feel to yourself and other people around you have to know the correct language and be able to communicate those feelings and emotions. However some people may argue that you can know things purely through†¦show more content†¦The effectiveness of playing those recordings with the carefully chosen words and phrases in them to bring together his ideals eventually lead to Jim Jones having full control over his congregation; so much so that he was able to convince almost near one thousand of his followers to commit mass suicide. The Emotions that his language invoked in his followers gave him power beyond belief. Language plays a very important role in how we interpret, understand and control our emotions or in the case of the Jonestown people relinquish control of their emotions due to the use of persuasive language. Also another example of how language plays a major role in emotion is in literature, more specifically poetry. In John Donne’s poem A Valediction: Forbidding Mourning the language that he uses creates a very light and open feeling inside of me when I read it. It sounds very elegant and beautiful to read and makes me feel very happy inside. â€Å"Our two souls therefore, which are one, Though I must go, endure not yet A breach, but an expansion, Like gold to aery thinness beat. If they be two, they are two so 2 As stiff twin compasses are two ; Thy soul, the fix d foot, makes no show To move, but doth, if th other do. And though it in the centre sit, Yet, when the other far doth roam, It leans, and hearkens after it, And grows erect, as that comes home. Such wilt thou be to me, who must, Like th other foot,

Animal Farm Compare And Contrast Essay Example For Students

Animal Farm Compare And Contrast Essay An English writer by the name of George Orwell published a book in 1943, called Animal Farm. In the eyes of Mr. Orwell, the sole purpose of the book was to expose the Soviet myth of Russia s acclaimed socialist utopia in a way that almost anyone can comprehend. The simplicity of language in the book and the usage of animals to convey the message made it a prime candidate for a cartoon version and thus one was created. This essay will look at the differences between the book Animal Farm and it s cartoon adaptation. The three criteria which will be used as a basis of comparison are: characterization, exposition and theme. The book Animal Farm, is an allegory of the Russian Revolution of 1917 and the events that followed shortly after. In order for the reader to be able to get a firm grasp on the conditions in Russia before, during and after the revolution, George Orwell took great care in ensuring that the all the characters in the book could easily be identified with their Russian revolution counterpart. While reading the book, one should easily be able tell the parallel personality for each character because of George Orwell s very accurate descriptions of the characters. As a result, a great deal of characterization is visible in most parts of the book, as he is constantly building upon the characters. The movie Animal Farm on the other hand is quite different. In the movie, very little time (relative to the book) is spent on developing the characters. In some instances during the movie we discover that there are some characters in the book that are not mentioned in the movie (e. . Molly and Mrs. Jones). Also, in Animal Farm the movie, there is little dialogue among the animals, unlike the book. In the book, it is this dialogue that really helps us understand the type of regime in Russia at the time. If someone were to watch the movie but never read the book, it would probably be a lot harder to see the relationship to the Russian revolution. In the book, some of the instances that occur in Animal Farms exposition play important roles later on in the book. At the start of the book you are introduced to a flurry of thoughts and ideas that are very instrumental throughout the remainder of the book. The exposition begins with Old Major, telling the animals of a dream he has in which all animals are free from the oppressive human regime and equal amongst each other. He is a prophet, planting the seeds of rebellion in the minds of the animals that have gathered around to listen to what he has to say. It is this powerful speech that is the catalyst for the animal revolution which occurs not too long after. In the exposition, they also sing the song Beasts of England, which becomes their national anthem and it is sung throughout the book, playing an important role later on in the book. There are many other things which occur in the exposition that become important symbolisms as the book progresses. The exposition in Animal Farm the movie is the same as the books in terms of plot, but it is different in many other ways. One must remember that the movie is merely and adaptation of the book into film, so almost all the events that take place in the book will take place in the movie. This is the case with the exposition, yet many other key differences can be seen between the two. .u15bdac0e0302a629fdd70b74a20909a4 , .u15bdac0e0302a629fdd70b74a20909a4 .postImageUrl , .u15bdac0e0302a629fdd70b74a20909a4 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u15bdac0e0302a629fdd70b74a20909a4 , .u15bdac0e0302a629fdd70b74a20909a4:hover , .u15bdac0e0302a629fdd70b74a20909a4:visited , .u15bdac0e0302a629fdd70b74a20909a4:active { border:0!important; } .u15bdac0e0302a629fdd70b74a20909a4 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u15bdac0e0302a629fdd70b74a20909a4 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u15bdac0e0302a629fdd70b74a20909a4:active , .u15bdac0e0302a629fdd70b74a20909a4:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u15bdac0e0302a629fdd70b74a20909a4 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u15bdac0e0302a629fdd70b74a20909a4 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u15bdac0e0302a629fdd70b74a20909a4 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u15bdac0e0302a629fdd70b74a20909a4 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u15bdac0e0302a629fdd70b74a20909a4:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u15bdac0e0302a629fdd70b74a20909a4 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u15bdac0e0302a629fdd70b74a20909a4 .u15bdac0e0302a629fdd70b74a20909a4-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u15bdac0e0302a629fdd70b74a20909a4:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: How To Structure An Inspector Calls EssayFirstly, exposition seemed to rush through some of the events which are very important later on in the book. For example, in the books exposition, Orwell describes many of the animals that are important to the book. In the movie s exposition, very little time is spent on developing the characters of the important animals. Also, the song Beasts of England is not sung in the exposition, unlike the book. Reiterating the statement in the last paragraph, this song plays a very pivotal role later on in the book. While reading the book, one soon begins to fell sympathetic towards the animals on Animal Farm. In the movie, it is harder for the audience to feel as sympathetic as they may in the book because they don t know the characters very well. Animal Farms theme is very apparent at the end of the book. The theme is that it is impossible to attain a form of Utopia in which everyone is equal and treated fairly. This theme is further solidified by its usage of events which mirror those of the Russian revolution. The theme is fully realized right at the end of the book, when the rest of the animals are segregated from the pigs, who are in the former house of Mr. Jones, drinking alcohol with the humans. Just this one scenario blatantly defies everything the animals stood for when they first had the revolution, and the reasons they had it in the first place. The ending of the book is so blunt that the point George Orwell is trying to make hits you like a ton of bricks, and you can truly see how flawed the animals were in their notions of living in a Utopia. From only watching the movie, I sincerely doubt that one would grasp the message that George Orwell was trying to send as fully as one would if he/she read the book. There are numerous reasons for this (only two of these are going to be mentioned as the others are either quite insignificant or they don t relate directly to the theme), one of the most significant of which is that a movie doesn t have a books capacity to pay attention to detail. This is very important in a book such as Animal Farm, fore, in order for one to get Orwell s message, one has to be able to empathize with the animals at some level. The book explains in detail the harsh and unjust conditions of the other animals, making it easy to empathize with them, unlike the movie, which merely paints a scant picture of what the animals are going through. The other, more obvious reason for why one may get a different message from watching the movie is that the endings are completely different. As mentioned previously, it is the ending of the book that really drives Orwell s point home. In the movie, this isn t the case at all. At the end of the movie, animals all over the country come together and incite revolution once again, but this time it is against the pigs. They can t stand the conditions they have been subjected to and therefore decide to rebel again, for the same principle as the first revolution against the humans. This confuses the audience with different possibilities for a theme. The theme may be that the quest for a Utopia is just a vicious cycle of revolutions, leading nowhere. The other is may be that one can never give up hope for a Utopia and must keep trying, even if it means more revolutions. In the book, there is no revolution against the pigs, the other animals are doomed to a life of misery, with no hope. .ua282f323f7c318f829155ae1248a719f , .ua282f323f7c318f829155ae1248a719f .postImageUrl , .ua282f323f7c318f829155ae1248a719f .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ua282f323f7c318f829155ae1248a719f , .ua282f323f7c318f829155ae1248a719f:hover , .ua282f323f7c318f829155ae1248a719f:visited , .ua282f323f7c318f829155ae1248a719f:active { border:0!important; } .ua282f323f7c318f829155ae1248a719f .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ua282f323f7c318f829155ae1248a719f { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ua282f323f7c318f829155ae1248a719f:active , .ua282f323f7c318f829155ae1248a719f:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ua282f323f7c318f829155ae1248a719f .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ua282f323f7c318f829155ae1248a719f .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ua282f323f7c318f829155ae1248a719f .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ua282f323f7c318f829155ae1248a719f .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ua282f323f7c318f829155ae1248a719f:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ua282f323f7c318f829155ae1248a719f .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ua282f323f7c318f829155ae1248a719f .ua282f323f7c318f829155ae1248a719f-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ua282f323f7c318f829155ae1248a719f:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Discuss the ways in which a novelist explores the condition of the human heart in "The great Gatsby" EssayI think that this would make the first theme the more acceptable one, but still not the same as the theme conveyed by George Orwell in the book. It s quite apparent that there are many significant differences between Animal Farm the book and it s film adaptation. There are a number of differences between the use of characterization and the exposition, but the most important one is the difference in the theme. George Orwell s sole purpose in writing this book was to expose to the world Russia s mythical socialist utopia for what it really was, an oppressive regime in wh ich the doctrines of socialist utopianism were completely disregarded. He wants the reader to know that the theory of a country in which everyone is equal, free and happy is but an illusion, a deception of reality, which is, that power corrupts and absolute power corrupts absolutely. That once tainted with the feeling of power, most will stoop to any level, and do whatever the cost to maintain that power. In my opinion, this idea isn t properly presented in the movie and thus hinders the powerful message that George Orwell was trying to send to people all over the world.